引进甘蔗种质资源杂交后代适应性评价

通过对引进甘蔗种质资源24个杂交后代的的10个农艺性状进行主成分分析、回归分析与通径分析,科学评价引种甘蔗种质资源在广西本地的农艺性状表现,探究各农艺性状间的协同制约关系,为甘蔗种质资源的精准评价和杂交育种材料的科学选配提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)主要农艺性状变异系数为6.79%~29.44%,24个甘蔗种质在分蘖和蔗糖产量上有较大的遗传改良潜力。(2)主成分分析将这10个农艺性状凝聚成4个主成分,分别为产量因子、有效茎因子、糖分因子和出苗因子,贡献率分别是35.2%、16.5%、15.3%、12.1%,累计贡献率达到79.1%;(3)通径分析中各性状对糖产量的直接通径系数大小依次为:蔗茎产量(0.927)>蔗糖分(0.399)>单茎重(0.039)。表明:甘蔗品种(系)GUC23-1、GUC15-2、GUC23、GUC34、GUC25在广西的丰产性最优,在甘蔗引种和选育中,考虑将蔗茎产量、蔗糖分、单茎重作为主要选择性状。     

甘蔗白条病及其致病菌Xanthomonas albilineans研究进展

由白条黄单胞杆菌Xanthomonas albilineans引起的甘蔗白条病是一种寄生在植物维管组织的系统性细菌病害,在全球多数种植甘蔗的国家或地区普遍发生,对甘蔗产业的发展构成潜在威胁。本研究综述了甘蔗白条病的发生和分布、传播与流行规律以及病原菌生物学与基因组特性、鉴定与检测、遗传多样性和致病机理等方面内容;提出加强抗病种质挖掘与新品种选育推广、加快抗病分子育种进程、切断病害传播途径、加强隔离检验检疫等病害防控策略;此外,评估了该病害在我国蔗区流行暴发的风险,展望今后甘蔗抗病分子育种、病原菌致病机制及其与寄主互作机理等方面的分子基础研究重点与应用前景。     

The effect of genotype,environment and time of harvest on sugarcane yields in Florida,USA

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is grown across different production environments and is harvested over a 5-month (mid-October–mid-March) period in Florida. While many studies have examined genotype × environment interactions and their implications for breeding program design, knowledge is limited regarding interactions of genotype, environment and time of harvest and their implications for growers. Three non-confounded data sets (“case studies”) were analyzed to determine the effects of these three factors on kilograms of sugar per ton (KST), tons of cane per hectare (TCH) and tons of sugar per hectare (TSH) for recently released cultivars in south Florida. Cultivar (genotype), environment, time of harvest and their interactions had significant effects on KST, TCH and TSH. Sugarcane KST and TSH were reduced by 28 and 29%, respectively, when harvested in mid-October compared to optimum harvest dates in February. TSH varied from 2 to 46% across environments. The Lakeview “warmland” site near Lake Okeechobee recorded significantly higher TCH and TSH than other sites, and cultivars CP88-1508 and CP88-1834 recorded higher relative yields at Lakeview. Cultivar TSH varied up to 51% across the case studies. CP89-2143 had significantly higher KST than other cultivars in all 21 pairwise comparisons in the three case studies, and a remarkably high, stable KST ranking across environments. Growers in the Everglades Agricultural Area interested in improving sugarcane crop sucrose concentration should plant CP89-2143. However, significant genotype × environment interactions for other cultivars support continued multi-locational evaluation of sugarcane germplasm both during the breeding program and following cultivar release.     

广西红壤区甘蔗根际土壤丛枝菌根真菌种类的 18S rDNA 基 因序列分析鉴定及多样性分析

为探明广西红壤区甘蔗根际土壤丛枝菌根（Arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM）真菌多样性特点,本研究通过 18S rDNA 基因序列分析对来自广西红壤蔗区 33 个样地的甘蔗根系和根际土壤样品的 AM 真菌种属进行了鉴定,并分析了 土壤理化性质对 AM 真菌侵染率和多样性的影响。结果表明：3 类红壤类土壤中,赤红壤的根外菌丝量、根内菌丝和 丛枝平均侵染率最高,分别为 13.59%、24.18%、1.29%;砖红壤的泡囊平均侵染率最高,为 19.17%。所构建的 AM 真 菌克隆文库中共发现了 24 个 OTU,分别属于 AM 真菌的 7 科 12 属 24 种,其中球囊霉科含 5 属 10 种,多样孢囊霉科 含 1 属 2 种、无梗囊霉科含 1 属 1 种、巨孢囊霉科含 2 属 2 种,近明囊霉科含 1 属 5 种,原囊霉科和类球囊霉科各含 1 属 2 种;3 类土壤的优势科和优势属分别为球囊霉科和根生囊霉属。红壤的 AM 真菌物种丰富度和香浓维纳指数最高, 砖红壤最低。3 类土壤的理化因子与 AM 真菌的物种丰富度均无显著相关。3 类土壤的根内菌丝侵染率与 pH 值均呈正 相关,与有机质、总氮及有效磷含量呈负相关。     

保水剂的发展前景

保水剂能够吸收其自身体积和重量数倍的水分从而增加土壤含水率、改善土壤团粒结 构、提高肥料利用效率,吸持后的水分85%～95%可缓慢释放供作物利用,促进农作物生长,在节 水农业生产等方面具有广泛的应用价值。但是保水剂自身还存在许多问题需要进一步的完 善。本文综述了保水剂在农业的原理、应用及前景。     

甘蔗赤条病菌巢式PCR检测

甘蔗赤条病是由燕麦食酸菌燕麦亚种(Acidovorax avenae subsp.avenae,Aaa)引起的一种世界性甘蔗细菌病害。为建立Aaa快速、灵敏的检测技术,根据该病菌16S~23S核糖体基因及其转录间隔区ITS分别设计2对特异性引物,建立Aaa巢式PCR检测方法。结果表明,建立的巢式PCR方法对Aaa标准菌株、水稻食酸菌A.oryzae具有特异性,可扩增出454 bp目的条带,对近缘种德氏食酸菌A.delafieldii及其它科属的红色雷夫松氏菌Leifsonia rubra和甘蔗宿根矮化病菌L.xyli subsp.xyli未扩增出任何条带。以感染Aaa的甘蔗叶片总DNA、含ITS靶标片段的质粒DNA标准品及Aaa标准菌液为模板,巢式PCR灵敏度最低检测限分别为10 fg/μL、10拷贝/μL和36 CFU/mL,是常规PCR灵敏度的1 000倍。应用巢式PCR和常规PCR对14份有赤条病症状的田间甘蔗叶片样品进行平行检测,阳性检出率分别为100.0%和28.6%,表明巢式PCR比常规PCR检测方法具有更高的灵敏度。本研究建立的巢式PCR方法适合于田间甘蔗赤条病害的分子检测与鉴定。     

Diverse conserved domains and a positively selected site in the sugarcane streak mosaic virus P1 protein are essential for RNA silencing suppression and protein stability

RNA silencing is one of the conserved antiviral mechanisms in plants, and viruses encode RNA silencing suppressors (RSS) to overcome host RNA silencing and facilitate virus infection. Sugarcane streak mosaic virus (SCSMV; species Sugarcane streak mosaic virus, genus Poacevirus, family Potyviridae) is a major causal agent of sugarcane mosaic disease in many countries in Asia, including China. In this study, we used Agrobacterium co-infiltration to show that the SCSMV P1 protein, rather than the helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro), functions as a strong RSS to suppress local RNA silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana. Mutational analysis indicated that the 15 amino acids (aa; aa 1–15) of the SCSMV P1 N-terminus were not important for RNA silencing suppression, but rather another 15 aa domain (aa 108–122) containing a conserved motif (LFR/KNKQAYIST) was essential for efficient silencing suppression by P1. In addition to the 15 aa (aa 344–358) domain in the P1 N-terminus, another 15 aa domain (aa 65–79) of P1, containing the LXKA motif and one conserved aa (D78), were associated with P1 protein stability. Furthermore, substituting the histidine (H263) residue in P1 with threonine (H263T) or alanine (H263A) also affected P1 protein stability. Notably, the H263 residue is both a positively selected site and part of the serine protease catalytic triad (HDS). Taken together, our data demonstrate that SCSMV P1, and not HC-Pro, plays a functional role in suppressing RNA silencing, and also show that some conserved motifs and a positivelyselected site in the P1 protein are associated with RSS activity and protein stability.     

Molecular characterization of two banana ethylene signaling component MaEBFs during fruit ripening

EIN3 Binding F-box protein (EBF) is an essential signaling component necessary for ethylene response. However, little information is available on EBF genes during banana fruit ripening. Two EBF genes designated MaEBF1 and MaEBF2 were isolated and characterized from banana fruit. Subcellular localization analysis showed that MaEBF1 and MaEBF2 were both nuclear proteins. Expression of MaEBF1 and MaEBF2 in fruit with four ripening characteristics revealed that MaEBF2 was enhanced by ethylene during fruit ripening, while MaEBF1 changed only slightly. Moreover, the MaEBF2 promoter was activated after ethylene treatment, further supporting its involvement in fruit ripening. More importantly, MaEBF2 was shown to physically interact with MaEIL5, using yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays. Together, these results suggest that MaEBF may be involved in banana fruit ripening, at least partly via interaction with MaEIL5. Our findings expand our understanding of the regulatory network of ethylene signaling cascade in banana fruit ripening.     

施用硅肥对甘蔗抗条螟性及其产量的影响

为明确甘蔗施用硅肥对甘蔗条螟（Chilo sacchariphagus Bojer）抗性的影响,在田间自然螟虫胁迫条件下,对甘蔗含硅量、抗条螟性指标和产量性状等进行测定。结果显示,硅肥在187.5~750 kg/hm²施用量范围内能显著提高整个生长季甘蔗植株的硅含量,显著降低甘蔗条螟钻蛀率和为害程度。硅肥施用量、植株硅含量和抗条螟性指标间响应一致。采用因子分析对7个抗条螟性指标进行简化,可分为3个公因子,即苗期条螟为害因子、工艺成熟期条螟为害因子和条螟生长发育因子。苗期螟害枯心率、工艺成熟期螟害节率和羽化率可作为硅肥调控甘蔗对条螟抗性效应的评价指标。经逐步回归分析可知,在7个抗条螟性指标中,苗期螟害枯心率和累积蛀道长度对蔗茎产量影响最大。562.5 kg/hm²硅肥施用量对甘蔗条螟防治效果和甘蔗增产效应最适宜。研究表明,硅肥能显著提升甘蔗植株硅含量,增强甘蔗植株对条螟的抗性,有效降低甘蔗条螟发生为害,促进甘蔗增产增收。     

Identification and characterization of Xanthomonas albilineans causing sugarcane leaf scald in China using multilocus sequence analysis

Xanthomonas albilineans is the causal agent of leaf scald, a disease that can cause considerable damage to sugarcane industries. This study analysed the phylogenetic relationship of 14 samples of X. albilineans from China and 13 reference strains retrieved from the GenBank database by multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA). To reach this goal, five housekeeping genes of X. albilineans were amplified from diseased leaves and sequenced: gyrB, abc, rpoD, atpD and glnA. Based on the concatenated sequence of these genes (4473 nt), the 14 samples of X. albilineans from China had 99.9–100% sequence identity with one another and with five strains of the pathogen from the French West Indies and the USA (Florida). The 27 samples or strains of X. albilineans were distributed in two distinct clades in the MLSA-based phylogenetic tree. Clade 1 was formed by four strains of the pathogen from Fiji, Papua New Guinea and the USA. All the other strains from worldwide locations, including the 14 samples from China, were grouped in clade 2. This latter clade included all strains of the pathogen that were associated with outbreaks of leaf scald that have occurred over the last two decades, especially in the Caribbean islands and the USA. The very low diversity of X. albilineans in four Chinese provinces suggests recent spread of a single strain (from genetic group PFGE-B) of the leaf scald pathogen within China.